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1 Introduction
Ladies and gentlemen, it is as always a pleasure to be at the European Banking Congress and speak to such a distinguished audience. This year's theme – investing in Europe – is especially timely given the major challenges our continent is currently facing.
First, Europe's security is under increasing pressure. In response, Europe needs to spend much more on defence.
Second, the global trade environment has become much more challenging. As a result, external trade will no longer drive European growth as strongly as it did in previous decades.
Third, Europe is about to undergo a major demographic shift, as the baby boomer generation retires. This means that labour supply will be scarce for the foreseeable future.
Finally, Europe is transitioning to a carbon-neutral economy. This transition will require major investment.